Types of Window Frames and Designs 

There are several types of window frames, with different degrees of energy efficiency, and different ventilation, lighting and design possibilities. They include, namely...

1 - Fixed-pane windows ;
2 - Double-hung (vertical sliding) and gliding windows (horizontal sliding) 
3 - Casement windows, hopper windows and awning windows (they have a crank out, and differ on where the hinges are located: at the side, at the bottom or at the top of the window). 
4 – Bay and bow windows.

Fixed-pane windows

Fixed-pane windows are stationary windows. They don’t open, and can be customized and designed to match other types of windows, namely casement and double-hung windows.

Fixed-pane windows tend to be the most energy-efficient windows, but since they don’t open, they do not allow ventilation – which is a big disadvantage in many cases. They are also the most inexpensive type of windows.

Sliding windows

Sliding windows (double-hung and gliding windows) are variations of the same frame design: a design that is potentially leakier than other designs - though it all depends also on other elements, namely on the quality of the windows (including the glass element and the way the window is constructed).

See, for more information:
Gliding and double-hung windows

Casement, hopper and awning windows

Casement, hopper and awning windows are variations of the same frame design, based on hinges at the side, bottom or top of the window.

Casement, hopper and awning windows can be excellent windows, with a higher energy-efficiency than that of gliding and double-hung windows. Besides, they also allow good ventilation possibilities.

See, for more information:
Casement, Awning and Hopper Windows

Bay and bow windows

Bow or bay windows are window combinations that project outward...  They allow multiple views and are excellent for lighting and ventilation. They allow a sense of spaciousness, and they are particularly used in kitchens, though not only.